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Medisiner mot høyt blodtrykk

Vanndrivende medisiner

Centyl

Hydrochlorothiazide

 

Fra artikkel om bivirkninger i Dagbladet, den 08 Mars 2025:

ACE-Hemmere (AngiotensinConverting Enzyme inhibitors.

Eksempler: Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril.)

Vanlige bivirkninger:

  • Tørrhoste
  • Svimmelhet
  • Økt Kalium i blodet
  • Tretthet.

Alvorlige bivirkninger å være obs på:

  • Angioødem (Hevelse i ansiktet, lepper, tunge eller hals.)
  • Nyresvikt (Ofte mer vanlig hos eldre eller personer med eksisterende nyresykdom.)

Kaliumkanalblokkere:

Eksempler: Amlodopin, Felodopin

Vanlige bivirkninger:

  • Hevelse i ankler og bein
  • Hodepine
  • Rødme eller varmefølelse i ansiktet

Alvorlige bivirkninger å være obs på:

  • Uregelmessig hjerterytme (arytmi).
  • Alvorlig lavt blodtrykk (kan gi svimmelhet og besvimelse).

 

Angiotensin II reseptorblokkere (ARBs)

Eksempler: Losortan, Valsartan, Olmesartan

Vanlige bivirkninger:

  • Svimmelhet
  • Hodepine
  • Kvlame

Alvorlige bivirninger å være obs på:

  • Nyresvikt
  • Økt kalium i blodet.

Andre kilder:

 

Betablokkere

Eksempler: Metoprolol, Bisoprolol, Atenolol, (Nebivolol)

Vanlige bivirkninger.

  • Tretthet
  • Svimmelhet
  • Kalde hender og føtter.

Alvorlige bivirkninger å være obs på:

  • Elektrolyttforstyrrelser (lavt kalium eller natrium i blodet)
  • Dehydrering

 

 

 

Powergrid Substation – Abbreviations

In a transformer substation, the abbreviations you mentioned typically stand for the following:

  • CB: Circuit Breaker
  • CT: Current Transformer
  • VT: Voltage Transformer (or sometimes Potential Transformer, PT)
  • MU: Merging Unit
  • CB IED: Circuit Breaker Intelligent Electronic Device

Each of these components plays a crucial role in the operation and protection of the substation. Circuit breakers are used to interrupt electrical circuits, current transformers measure the current, voltage transformers measure the voltage, merging units consolidate data from different sources, and IEDs are used for protection, control, and automation purposes.

MU-Merging Unit.

A merging unit (MU) is a device used in electrical substations to collect and combine data from various sensors and transducers, such as current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs). The primary functions and characteristics of a merging unit include:

  1. Data Aggregation: Merging units gather analog measurements of electrical parameters (current, voltage, etc.) from CTs and VTs and convert them into digital signals.
  2. Standardization: They typically use the IEC 61850 standard, which is a communication protocol for electrical substation automation systems. This ensures that the data can be used by various devices and systems within the substation.
  3. Synchronization: Merging units often synchronize the collected data to a common time reference, which is crucial for accurate measurement, protection, and control.
  4. Transmission: They send the standardized and synchronized data to Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and other control systems within the substation.
  5. Improving Efficiency: By consolidating data from multiple sources into a single data stream, merging units help in reducing the complexity and the amount of wiring required in a substation, thereby improving the efficiency and reliability of the system.

In essence, merging units are critical for modern digital substations, enabling more efficient data handling and integration, which is essential for effective monitoring, protection, and control.

IO-Link

Description:

IO-Link is a standardized communication protocol (IEC 61131-9) used in industrial automation for connecting sensors, actuators, and other devices to control systems. It enables the exchange of both process data and service data between these devices and a master control system, typically a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller).

Here are the key features and benefits of IO-Link:

  1. Standardized Interface: IO-Link is an open standard, which means it can be used with devices from different manufacturers, ensuring interoperability.
  2. Point-to-Point Communication: It operates on a point-to-point communication basis, where each device (sensor or actuator) is connected directly to an IO-Link master.
  3. Bidirectional Communication: Unlike traditional binary sensor interfaces, IO-Link allows bidirectional communication. This means the master can send configuration data to the device, and the device can send process and diagnostic data back to the master.
  4. Diagnostics and Parameterization: IO-Link devices can send detailed diagnostic information and status data to the control system, which helps in predictive maintenance and reduces downtime. Additionally, parameters of IO-Link devices can be configured remotely, simplifying setup and adjustments.
  5. Compatibility with Standard Wiring: IO-Link uses standard 3-wire sensor and actuator cables, making it easy to integrate into existing systems without the need for special cabling.
  6. Scalability: It supports a wide range of devices and applications, from simple sensors to complex actuators, making it highly scalable for different industrial environments.
  7. Ease of Integration: IO-Link masters can be integrated into various fieldbus systems like PROFIBUS, PROFINET, Ethernet/IP, and others, providing flexibility in system design.

By enabling smart communication between field devices and control systems, IO-Link enhances the capabilities of industrial automation systems, leading to improved efficiency, reduced costs, and better overall system performance.

CC-link

CC-Link (Control & Communication Link) is a fieldbus network system designed for high-speed, deterministic communication between industrial devices. It was developed by Mitsubishi Electric and is widely used in Asia and other parts of the world for factory automation and process control. Here are some key points about CC-Link:

  1. High-Speed Communication: CC-Link supports high-speed data transfer, making it suitable for applications requiring fast and real-time data exchange.
  2. Deterministic Communication: It provides deterministic communication, ensuring data is transmitted at precise intervals, which is critical for controlling industrial processes.
  3. Network Types:
    • CC-Link: The original version for general-purpose industrial automation.
    • CC-Link/LT: A version optimized for sensor-level networks with lower data rates.
    • CC-Link Safety: A variant designed for safety-related communications, ensuring reliable data transfer for safety-critical applications.
    • CC-Link IE: The industrial Ethernet version, offering higher speeds and greater integration with IT systems.
  4. Topology: CC-Link supports various network topologies, including bus, star, and ring configurations, providing flexibility in network design.
  5. Integration with Other Systems: CC-Link networks can integrate with other industrial networks and systems, allowing seamless communication and control across different platforms.
  6. Device Compatibility: A wide range of devices, including PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers), HMIs (Human-Machine Interfaces), sensors, and actuators, are compatible with CC-Link, facilitating the creation of comprehensive automation solutions.
  7. Global Adoption: While CC-Link is particularly popular in Asia, it is also used globally and supported by various international standards and organizations.

CC-Link is an essential component in modern industrial control systems, enabling efficient and reliable communication between devices and systems.

Does cc-link use a master bus controller?

Yes, CC-Link networks typically use a master-slave configuration, which includes a master bus controller. Here’s how it works:

  1. Master Bus Controller: In a CC-Link network, the master device (often a PLC or another control device) acts as the bus controller. This master device manages the communication on the network, initiating data exchanges and controlling the timing of data transfers.
  2. Slave Devices: The slave devices (e.g., sensors, actuators, drives) respond to the master’s commands. They can send data back to the master when requested but do not initiate communication on their own.
  3. Network Coordination: The master controller coordinates the network communication, ensuring that all devices operate in a synchronized manner. This is crucial for deterministic communication, where precise timing and predictable data exchange are required.
  4. Polling Mechanism: The master controller typically uses a polling mechanism to communicate with each slave device in turn. This ensures that all devices have an opportunity to send and receive data in a controlled sequence.
  5. Configuration and Control: The master bus controller is responsible for configuring the network, setting communication parameters, and managing error handling and diagnostics.

In summary, the master bus controller in a CC-Link network is essential for managing and coordinating communication between the various devices, ensuring reliable and timely data exchange in industrial control applications.

Communication and Information Protocol (CIP)

In industrial control systems (ICS), the Communication and Information Protocol (CIP) refers to the Common Industrial Protocol, which is a set of network protocols used for industrial automation applications. CIP encompasses a suite of protocols developed and maintained by ODVA (Open DeviceNet Vendor Association), including:

  1. DeviceNet: Used for connecting industrial devices in a low-cost network.
  2. ControlNet: Designed for real-time control applications requiring deterministic communication.
  3. EtherNet/IP: Utilizes standard Ethernet communication for real-time I/O, motion control, and other automation tasks.

These protocols are widely used in various industries to facilitate communication between different devices and systems within industrial automation environments.

Modbus

Description:

Modbus is a communication protocol developed by Modicon (now Schneider Electric) in 1979 for use with its programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It is a widely used protocol in industrial control systems for connecting and communicating between devices and various types of equipment. Here are some key points about Modbus:

  1. Protocol Versions: Modbus has several versions, the most common being Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and Modbus TCP/IP:
    • Modbus RTU: This is a binary protocol used for serial communication (RS-232, RS-485). It is efficient and widely used in industrial environments.
    • Modbus TCP/IP: This version of the protocol is used over Ethernet networks, enabling easy integration with modern IT infrastructure.
  2. Communication Model: Modbus follows a master-slave (or client-server) communication model where:
    • The master (or client) initiates and controls the communication.
    • The slave (or server) responds to the master’s requests.
  3. Data Representation: Modbus defines a simple and standardized way to represent data. Data is organized into tables, including:
    • Coils (discrete outputs)
    • Discrete inputs
    • Input registers
    • Holding registers
  4. Function Codes: Modbus uses function codes to specify operations like reading or writing data. Common function codes include:
    • 01: Read Coils
    • 02: Read Discrete Inputs
    • 03: Read Holding Registers
    • 04: Read Input Registers
    • 05: Write Single Coil
    • 06: Write Single Register
    • 15: Write Multiple Coils
    • 16: Write Multiple Registers
  5. Applications: Modbus is widely used in industrial automation and control systems, such as:
    • PLCs
    • Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)
    • Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
    • Sensors and actuators
  6. Advantages:
    • Simplicity and ease of implementation
    • Open and royalty-free
    • Interoperability between devices from different manufacturers
  7. Limitations:
    • Limited error-checking capabilities
    • Relatively low data throughput compared to more modern protocols
    • Lack of built-in security features

Overall, Modbus remains a popular choice for industrial communication due to its simplicity, reliability, and widespread adoption.