TP-Link Omada
Medisiner mot høyt blodtrykk
Vanndrivende medisiner
Centyl
Hydrochlorothiazide
Fra artikkel om bivirkninger i Dagbladet, den 08 Mars 2025:
ACE-Hemmere (AngiotensinConverting Enzyme inhibitors.
Eksempler: Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril.)
Vanlige bivirkninger:
- Tørrhoste
- Svimmelhet
- Økt Kalium i blodet
- Tretthet.
Alvorlige bivirkninger å være obs på:
- Angioødem (Hevelse i ansiktet, lepper, tunge eller hals.)
- Nyresvikt (Ofte mer vanlig hos eldre eller personer med eksisterende nyresykdom.)
Kaliumkanalblokkere:
Eksempler: Amlodopin, Felodopin
Vanlige bivirkninger:
- Hevelse i ankler og bein
- Hodepine
- Rødme eller varmefølelse i ansiktet
Alvorlige bivirkninger å være obs på:
- Uregelmessig hjerterytme (arytmi).
- Alvorlig lavt blodtrykk (kan gi svimmelhet og besvimelse).
Angiotensin II reseptorblokkere (ARBs)
Eksempler: Losortan, Valsartan, Olmesartan
Vanlige bivirkninger:
- Svimmelhet
- Hodepine
- Kvlame
Alvorlige bivirninger å være obs på:
- Nyresvikt
- Økt kalium i blodet.
Andre kilder:
Betablokkere
Eksempler: Metoprolol, Bisoprolol, Atenolol, (Nebivolol)
Vanlige bivirkninger.
- Tretthet
- Svimmelhet
- Kalde hender og føtter.
Alvorlige bivirkninger å være obs på:
- Elektrolyttforstyrrelser (lavt kalium eller natrium i blodet)
- Dehydrering
Filippinene – visum
Powergrid Substation – Abbreviations
In a transformer substation, the abbreviations you mentioned typically stand for the following:
- CB: Circuit Breaker
- CT: Current Transformer
- VT: Voltage Transformer (or sometimes Potential Transformer, PT)
- MU: Merging Unit
- CB IED: Circuit Breaker Intelligent Electronic Device
Each of these components plays a crucial role in the operation and protection of the substation. Circuit breakers are used to interrupt electrical circuits, current transformers measure the current, voltage transformers measure the voltage, merging units consolidate data from different sources, and IEDs are used for protection, control, and automation purposes.
MU-Merging Unit.
A merging unit (MU) is a device used in electrical substations to collect and combine data from various sensors and transducers, such as current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs). The primary functions and characteristics of a merging unit include:
- Data Aggregation: Merging units gather analog measurements of electrical parameters (current, voltage, etc.) from CTs and VTs and convert them into digital signals.
- Standardization: They typically use the IEC 61850 standard, which is a communication protocol for electrical substation automation systems. This ensures that the data can be used by various devices and systems within the substation.
- Synchronization: Merging units often synchronize the collected data to a common time reference, which is crucial for accurate measurement, protection, and control.
- Transmission: They send the standardized and synchronized data to Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and other control systems within the substation.
- Improving Efficiency: By consolidating data from multiple sources into a single data stream, merging units help in reducing the complexity and the amount of wiring required in a substation, thereby improving the efficiency and reliability of the system.
In essence, merging units are critical for modern digital substations, enabling more efficient data handling and integration, which is essential for effective monitoring, protection, and control.
IO-Link
CC-link
CC-Link (Control & Communication Link) is a fieldbus network system designed for high-speed, deterministic communication between industrial devices. It was developed by Mitsubishi Electric and is widely used in Asia and other parts of the world for factory automation and process control. Here are some key points about CC-Link:
- High-Speed Communication: CC-Link supports high-speed data transfer, making it suitable for applications requiring fast and real-time data exchange.
- Deterministic Communication: It provides deterministic communication, ensuring data is transmitted at precise intervals, which is critical for controlling industrial processes.
- Network Types:
- CC-Link: The original version for general-purpose industrial automation.
- CC-Link/LT: A version optimized for sensor-level networks with lower data rates.
- CC-Link Safety: A variant designed for safety-related communications, ensuring reliable data transfer for safety-critical applications.
- CC-Link IE: The industrial Ethernet version, offering higher speeds and greater integration with IT systems.
- Topology: CC-Link supports various network topologies, including bus, star, and ring configurations, providing flexibility in network design.
- Integration with Other Systems: CC-Link networks can integrate with other industrial networks and systems, allowing seamless communication and control across different platforms.
- Device Compatibility: A wide range of devices, including PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers), HMIs (Human-Machine Interfaces), sensors, and actuators, are compatible with CC-Link, facilitating the creation of comprehensive automation solutions.
- Global Adoption: While CC-Link is particularly popular in Asia, it is also used globally and supported by various international standards and organizations.
CC-Link is an essential component in modern industrial control systems, enabling efficient and reliable communication between devices and systems.
Does cc-link use a master bus controller?
Ethernet
DCS vs PLC
Communication and Information Protocol (CIP)
In industrial control systems (ICS), the Communication and Information Protocol (CIP) refers to the Common Industrial Protocol, which is a set of network protocols used for industrial automation applications. CIP encompasses a suite of protocols developed and maintained by ODVA (Open DeviceNet Vendor Association), including:
- DeviceNet: Used for connecting industrial devices in a low-cost network.
- ControlNet: Designed for real-time control applications requiring deterministic communication.
- EtherNet/IP: Utilizes standard Ethernet communication for real-time I/O, motion control, and other automation tasks.
These protocols are widely used in various industries to facilitate communication between different devices and systems within industrial automation environments.